Sir Gregory Winter

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018
Co-nobelist: Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith

"for the directed evolution of enzymes"

Patents

Frances H. Arnold Ph.D

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018
Nobel co-recipients George P. Smith, Sir Gregory P. Winter

"for the directed evolution of enzymes"

Patents

George Smith

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018
Nobel co-recipients: Frances H. Arnold, Sir Gregory P. Winter

"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies."

Patents

James P. Allison Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018
Nobel co-recipient Tasuku Honjo

Cancer Immunologist. Discovered cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. Pioneer. Place breaks/check points on inhibitory immune cells to attack cancer cells - curative. Interest: How T cells work. First Nobel Prize for cancer therapy. Family history of cancer. Modest.

"Motivation of scientists: to know what nobody else knows."

Patents

Yoshinori Ohsumi

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016

Award: "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy."

Patents

Aziz Sancar

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015
Nobel co-recipients: Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich

"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair."

Patents

Satoshi Omura

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015
Nobel co-recipient: William C. Campbell, Tu Youyou

Award: "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites."

Patents

Robert J. Lefkowitz MD

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012
National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 2007 USA
Nobel co-recipient Brian K. Kobilka

Physician- Cardiologist, Scientist. G-protein-coupled receptors; approximately half of all medicines used today use this kind of receptor.

"Strong family history of coronary artery disease ... at age 50 I had quadruple bypass surgery [1994]. I minimize my risk factors with daily physical exercise, a vegetarian diet and appropriate medications".

Patents

Shinya Yamanaka

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012
Nobel co-recipient: Sir John B. Gurdon

Award: "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."

Patents

Jack S. Kilby Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000
Co-nobelists Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer

Prize: "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.

Patents

Jack Steinberger Ph.D.

Nobel Prize in Physics 1988
National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1988 USA
Nobel Prize shared with Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz

Physicist, Cosmologist, Astrophysicist. Hobbies: Playing the Flute, Tennis, Mountaineering, Sailing.

To Ganga Library founder on 3 Aug 2014, "I have used your questions to me as an incentive to prepare a list of my publications".

Gertrude B. Elion M.S.[Chemistry]

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988
Co-Nobelists: Sir James W. Black, George H. Hitchings
National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1991

Chemist, Pharmacologist. Discovered principles for drug treatment; developed drugs - anticancer, immunosuppressive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-gout, anti-malarial. Purines.

"I was a child with an insatiable thirst for knowledge. My beloved grandfather died of cancer when I was 15. I was highly motivated to discover a cure for this terrible disease".

Jean-Marie Lehn Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987
Nobel co-recepients Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pedersen

Chemist. Interests: Supramolecular chemistry, Self-assembly and self-organization, Constitutional dynamic chemistry; Music, Philosophy.

Founding director, 'Chemistry, a European Journal'. Gave starting impetus to other European journals, rare manifestation of European spirit and supranationality bridging historical divides!

President, International Organization for Chemical Sciences in Development, helping chemists in developing countries.

Patents

Robert Merrifield Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984

Award: "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"

Patents

Herbert C Brown Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979
The President's National Medel of Sciences - Physical Sciences, 1969
Nobel co-recipient Georg Wittig

Organic Chemist. Development of use of boron into important reagents in organic synthesis. School, advanced several times, graduating at 12; refused further advancement, avoiding being sister's classmate.

Graduating, Depression years, future wife Sarah gave him gift, Stock's 'Hydrides of Boron and Silicon' because cheapest chemistry book! Led to Nobel Prize!

Patents

Daniel M. Nathans M.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978
Nobel co-recipients Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith
National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1993

Physician, Molecular Biologist - Genetics. Restriction enzymes and their application to molecular genetics. Groundwork for human genome project, drug insulin. Able administrator - high signal-to-noise ratio.

"Valuable internship year in medicine with masterful clinician Robert Loeb; The glimpses of human strength and frailty that a physician sees are still with me."

Patents

Howard M. Temin Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975
Nobel Co-recipients David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco
National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1992

Virologist. Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of cell. DNA provirus and RNA-directed DNA synthesis. Reverse Transcriptase. Intellectually courageous. Civic minded.

How fortunate to live in a country at a time and in a social class that has enabled us to realize our potential. Not been possible for many.

Patents

Paul J. Flory Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974
National Medal of Sciences - Physical Sciences 1974

Award: "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"

Patents

Stanford Moore Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972
Co-nobelist Christian Anfinsen, William H. Stein

Award: "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"

Patents

Julius Axelrod Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970
Co-Nobelists Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler

Pharmacologist. Neurophysiologist. Mechanism for storage, release, inactivation of humoral transmitters in nerve endings. Discovered drug metabolic pathways: hydroxylation, demethylation, deamination, conjugation. Led to liver's microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes discovery. Pheochromocytoma. Carboxylmethyl transferase. Melatonin.

Ideal mentor. Infectious exhilaration in discovery. Research was genuine fun. Students came out of lab with same attitude.

Patents

H. Gobind Khorana Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968
National Medal of Sciences - Biological Sciences 1978
Co-Nobelists: Robert W. Holley, Marshall W. Nirenberg

Organic Chemist, Biochemist. 'Genetic code interpretation, function in protein synthesis. Pioneered synthesizing biologically active gene, determine codon triplets' nucleotides order. Unraveled genetic code, how nucleic acids form proteins. Pioneered genetic engineering. Multidisciplinary work.

"Wife brought sense of purpose. In foreign country, I felt out of place everywhere, at home nowhere."

Patents

Luis Alvarez Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968

Award: "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"

Patents

Haldan K. Hartline M.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967
Nobel co-recipients Ragnar Granit, George Wald

Physician, Biophysicist. Physiological and chemical visual processes in eye.

"Vision itself is a dynamic process. There is little in the world that stands still, at least not as imaged in our retinas, for our eyes are always moving. The visual system is almost exclusively organized to detect change and motion."

Patents

Robert B. Woodward Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965
National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1964

Award: "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"

Patents

Julian Schwinger Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965
National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1964
Nobel co-recipients Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Richard P. Feynman

Award: "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

Patents

Eugene Wigner Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963
The President's National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1968
Nobel co-recipients Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen

Award: "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"

Patents

Robert Hofstadter Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1961
Nobel co-recipient Rudolf Mössbauer
National Medal of Science - Physical Science 1986

Nuclear and particle physicist. Discoverer of sodium iodide scintillation counters. Carried out electron scattering from atomic nuclei, revealing structure of nuclei and nucleons. Original proposer of two-mile SLAC linear accelerator. Pioneer of gamma-ray astronomy, using EGRET detector aboard the Compton observatory. Research in laser fusion, applications of physics to medicine.

Patents

Joshua Lederberg Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958
Nobel co-recipients George Beadle, Edward Tatum
National Medal of Science - Biological Sciences 1989

Geneticist. Genetic recombination and organization of genetic material of bacteria. Artificial intelligence. NASA seeking life on Mars. Fastest rate possible for growth of bacterial cell and why. Nobel Prize at age 33.

At Nobel Banquet, "Pride is humbled as humility is exalted in the dignity and splendor of this occasion."

Patents

Walter Brattain Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956
Co-Nobelists: William B. Shockley, John Bardeen

Award: "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"

Patents

Vincent du Vigneaud Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955

Award: "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"

Patents

Linus Pauling Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954
The Nobel Peace Prize 1962
National Medal of Sciences - Physical Sciences 1974

Award: "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances."
Also awarded Nobel Peace Prize 1962. As of Sept. 2019, only four persons and two organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize multiple times.

Patents

Selman A. Waksman

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952

Ukrainian-born American Microbiologist, Biochemist. Isolated several antibiotics including Streptomycin for Tuberculosis and Neomycin. Proceeds earned from patents funded Waksman Institute of Microbiology and Waksman Foundation for Microbiology.

"The Lord hath created medicines out of the earth; and he that is wise will not abhor them. Ecclesiasticus, XXXVIII , 4"

Patents

Glenn T. Seaborg Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951
National Medal of Science - Chemistry 1991
Nobel co-recipient: Edwin M. McMillan

Nuclear Chemist. Transuranium - Plutonium. Isotopes identification. Actinide concept. Atomic Bomb. Peaceful use of atomic energy. Advisor to 10 US Presidents. Swedish ancestry. Journal since age 8 yrs. Hiking.

Franck Report: "I had joined a committee of scientists who advocated the use of the atomic bomb for demonstration purposes. We hoped the enemy would see the destructive power of this weapon and immediately surrender. In June, 1945, we attempted to deliver our plan, the Franck Report, to President Truman. I don't know if he ever saw our work..."

Patents

Ernest Walton

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951
Nobel co-recipient: John Cockcroft

"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles."

Patents

Edwin M. McMillan Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951
National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1990
Nobel co-recipient: Glenn T. Seaborg

Award: "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"

Patents

William F. Giauque Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949

Award: "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"

Patents

John Northrop Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946
Co-Nobelists James B. Sumner, Wendell M. Stanley

Award: "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"

Patents

Harold C. Urey Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934
National Medal of Science - Physical Sciences 1964

Award: "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"

Patents

Robert A. Millikan Ph.D.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923

Award: "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"

Patents